“首屆國際社會學論壇”在西班牙巴塞羅那舉行
——首屆國際社會學論壇紀要
(2008年9月18)
馬惠娣
一
由國際社會學協會(聯合國教科文組織所屬的機構,成立于1947年)主辦,巴塞羅那市政府和巴塞羅那社會學協會協辦,巴塞羅那大學承辦的“首屆國際社會學論壇”于2008年9月5-8日在西班牙巴塞羅那舉行。來自世界數十個國家的約2000名代表出席了會議。
開幕式上,國際社會學協會主席米希爾·維偉奧卡、該協會研究與論壇組委會副主席奧特羅·羅德芮格、西班牙社會學聯合會主席埃米奧·拉默·埃斯伯納撒、西班牙加泰羅尼亞社會學協會主席奧瑞爾·胡姆斯先后致辭。
他們認為:目前人類社會所處的時代有兩大特點:一是全球一體化的趨勢愈來愈強,二是社會變革的步伐愈來愈快。這給社會學學者的觀察視角和研究領域提出了許多新課題,同時也帶來新挑戰。歷來,社會學學者雖然不能直接參與各種重大社會決策,但是卻都以自己不同的學術研究方法參與社會學的理論建構與社會實踐,用他們的深思熟慮和遠見卓識影響社會的發展。社會學尤其以開放性、跨學科性、包容性產生的學科魅力吸引了公共的參與與辯論,形成了社會學在未來發展的基礎。此次會議正是在這一學科背景下,吸引了世界各國的學術精英參與其中。他們希望社會學不再是一種少數派的深奧語言,而是文化大家庭中的一員。幾位致辭者共同祝愿社會學研究者仍一如既往地以理性與智慧,為社會、為營造人類美好的生活環境做出更多的努力,取得豐碩的學術成果。
巴塞羅那市長出席閉幕式,并在會上致閉幕詞。
二
本次會議主題是:“社會學研究論壇與公共辯論”,圍繞“全球一體化”和“社會轉型”做不同方面的討論。
國際社會學協會擁有40余個不同學科的研究委員會,每個研究委員會都有各自的討論熱點,比如:社會變化與社會問題,公共話題與科學家的社會實踐,志愿者與老年福利,以生態經濟學為基礎的知識評價,移民的社會現象,婦女與社會,青少年與社會,科學與社會,技術與社會等數百個議題在這次論壇中被討論與論辨。
尤為引人注意的是,有多個研究成果是關注休閑問題的。這個議題不僅是休閑研究委員會的主打題目,而且像青年研究委員會、教育研究委員會、旅游研究委員會等等都選擇了休閑這一話題。
休閑研究委員會參與本次論壇與辯論的主題是“轉型社會與休閑”,入選的論文有百十余篇,涉及的題目有:
“家庭與休閑之間互補性思考”
“休閑與社會轉型——后共產主義時代為例”
“休閑社會的生活”
“游憩組織與提升大學生健康水平”
“休閑與教育”、“創造性休閑活動的積極影響”
“休閑與感覺良好的社會”
“休閑、健康和福利”
“年輕家庭的健康、福利與休閑”
“工作和個人生活的平衡——休閑的存在”
“作為工作的休閑——休閑管理概念”
“休閑在社會空間中的分離”
“休閑能促進身心的融合”
“休閑與精神營養”
“休閑的倫理與法律問題”
“游戲運動與性別”
“性別與休閑”
“游憩與休閑的社會市場”
“城市公共休閑空間與休閑空間”
“休閑與城市化”
“運動與休閑”
“轉型社會:對傳統休閑價值的回望”
“文化與休閑政策”
“全球一體化中的休閑與旅游”
“世界視野內的休閑與旅游批判”
“年輕人嚴肅旅游與綠色動機承諾的效果”
“休閑與老齡化社會”
“老年人時間利用模式”
“運動科學視野內科學技術的社會學分析”
“青年文化與消費者技術”
“兒童與休閑”
“青年、休閑與生活方式”
“作為日常用品的休閑”
“休閑時光中的活動與青年在田園中的互動”
“傳媒視角中的生活周期:休閑產業與動態的訴求”
“歐洲瘋狂足球青年的本質、趨勢及心理學的實踐”
“城市鄰里間的兒童休閑行為”
“城市規劃影響青少年休閑參與行為”
“青少年中休閑伙伴選擇的比較研究”
上述是這次會議休閑研究委員會錄取的會議論文的一部分題目。其它委員會的部分論文題目附后。因為各組的討論都同時進行,有些相關的討論便無法聽到。
三
此次休閑問題討論的特點是:
第一,參與此次會議的代表以歐洲代表為主,北美學者次之,亞洲學者主要來自印度,中國學者(從會議文集中看)只有6-7人,包括大陸、香港、臺灣、留學美國。
第二,論文的國際視野較強,一般都突出了“全球一體化”與“社會轉型”這兩大時代特點。
第三,歐洲學者的研究視野突出了休閑學科的本質——更注重人文關懷的選題與案例分析。
第四,學術的開放性,一是論文本身所討論的問題的多樣性;二是會議方式開放。所有小組討論都在巴塞羅那大學的各校區的教室中進行,任何人都可以參與討論。
第五,兒童、青少年與休閑問題占了很大的比重。
第六,文化的、心理的、行為方式的休閑研究更被關注。
第七,研究方法與思路更新穎。
第八,歐美國家學者的研究視野更開闊、觀點更新穎、方法更先進、跨學科性更強。從聽到的發言中能感受到歐美學者對休閑研究所具有的人文情懷和社會責任感。
第九,印度社會學學者關注休閑研究領域的人比中國學者多,涉及的問題有現實意義。
本次會議的不足是:
第一,由于不同的研究委員會和參會代表太多,所以會議安排很分散,加之都在不同的校區教室,而這些教室散落在巴塞羅那城區內的各個小巷中,找起來很費時。
第二,此次論壇強調討論與辯論,事實上,雖然不是所有人都安排發言,但為發言者提供20分鐘的演講,根本沒有討論與辯論的時間。
第三,所有代表的住宿都是“各自為政”,代表之間會外的溝通、交流很有局限性。
筆者與劉耳教授合作完成的題目為:“社會轉型:對中國傳統休閑價值的回望”的論文在會上得到了交流。我們在論文中大致陳述了這樣的思想:“在中國5000年漫長歷史進程中,休閑作為一種亞文化形態,對傳承儒家、道家、佛家文化傳統,對塑造中國人的價值觀和道德倫理,對提升人的品格教養、風度禮儀等方面,始終發揮著重要的作用。但是, 近一百多年來,伴隨中國幾次大的社會轉型, 致使傳統休閑價值被肢解的愈來愈凌亂。尤其自20世紀80年代以來,中國進入了現代化的轉型期——經濟的迅猛發展,產業格局的重大改組,文化形態的多樣化、多元化、多層化,生活方式中的現代化、時尚化、西方化等諸多因素的融入,休閑價值的精髓也愈來愈多地被物質主義所浸染。加劇了傳統休閑價值在當代的解構與重構。正是在這一背景下,我們呼喚人們,回望休閑文化傳統的底蘊與價值,希冀為可持續發展與和諧社會的各種期許尋找新思路。”此文受到《世界休閑雜志》主編羅伯茨教授的青睞,與筆者做了交流并希望準予發表。
北京旅游學院寧則群、羅震鵬兩位教授與之共同參加會議,并在會上交流了他們的論文。
四
筆者作為該委員會的委員,參與了委員會的工作討論。應本委員會主席之邀,在工作會議上陳述了關于2009年在中國舉辦國際社會學協會休閑研究委員會第一屆學術研討會的具體設想。會議主題、時間、地點、規模、組織委員會等都在進一步的磋商中。
筆者在會議期間,還就組織翻譯第三套“休閑研究譯叢”與羅伯茨、蘇珊·蕭等人進行了溝通,請他們推薦近年來歐洲學者的代表著。值得欣慰的是我們已經翻譯的十本書幾乎都在他們推薦的范圍內。我告訴他們,中國學者將從更廣闊的視野內和不同的專業領域內采擷、吸收、借鑒西方學者的研究成果。
會議期間,筆者考察了巴塞羅那作為歐洲休閑度假勝地,特別是海濱休閑度假的發展軌跡與成功模式的可資借鑒之處。會后,筆者還游歷了地中海沿岸的國家與城市,對休閑與人、社會、自然的關系做了進一步的思考;對如何休閑度假、如何發展休閑經濟有了切身體驗和直接感受;對構建可持續發展與和諧社會產生了新思路。
盡管,筆者剛一到達巴塞羅那便被自己的疏忽將裝有最重要的證件、物品的背包(含護照、身份證、三張信用卡、一張保險卡、旅行支票、現金、U盤、照相機、攝像機、翻譯器)遺忘在從機場到市區的大巴車上。幸運的是,第二天早上背包被送回來了,里邊還有護照和旅行支票。如果能把U盤也退給我就好了,因為那里有我制作的精美的PPT文件。為了做好這個PPT我拍了許多照片,包括北京奧運會、奧運會場館、市民休閑生活、北京公園等多幅照片。遺憾,我的演講沒有我的PPT。
五
附錄部分聽會記錄:
08.sep.2008
Location:URL A201
Children , youth and leisure aspiration
By: Taija Tdoren
Rethinking young people’s leisure in the context of the Finnish welfare state.
The ideal of AUTONOMY frames the ethos if leisure organizers.
Ethnic hierarchies
Value& Meaning of leisure?
An idle time? A risky business? A lonely space? A sphere for fun and emotional and cultural exploration? A possibility for societal( civic) engagement? Instrumental value?
Methological issues: how to catch ‘alternative knowledge’ on leisure, when ‘nothing’ is happening?
Youth lifestyle, leisure conditions, and practices in daily life.
By: Kleanthis Sirakoulis ( Greece)
Does city planning effect young people participation?
Leisure provision- design to attract young people- determinative of the lifestyle.
Mean of leisure time for youth: 37.41+/- 17.8 hours/ week.
Youngth has more free time:
- Economical reasons: no economical weight. E.g: relaxing, radio, DVD, computer games, all home base activities, which, does not require ‘spending’.
- Conclusion: lack of cultural and sport facilities is a result of urban mis-planning.
High cost of living create dissatisfaction about quality of life.
By:Rashimi Jain
Glaobalisation-children less dependent.
More computer game/phone pack
- no longer communicate with other children, therefore becoming social incapable. Means of 4.1 hour leisure time per day, 2.1 hours study, 4.2 hours computer game.
- No time for other leisure activities.
- More competitive.
- 18% pornographic website in Japur. Families and parents responsible for this results.
- All leisure industry target children: leisure is created, child is lost.
By: Ken Roberts
Geogeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan.
Personal leisure careers:
- how to identify and measure them?
- What do we find?
- What value is added vis-à-vis evidence cross sectional life stage?
Consideration: 31-37 years old, education background, labour market, housing, family relationship, leisure.
Differences widen by: social class and place. NOT by: gender or pace of family careers( how early people get married and have kids)
Value added: - life stage developmental process, not macro-historical trends, drive change in leisure. From 1995, GDP has grown up more than 10% per year,.
- change driven by age not by historical changes
- same pattern of change in all social group.
- Spurious cross- sectional relationship.
- Age group 16-30, responsible of motherhood, keep out women from leisure/sports.
- Higher education—higher sports participation.
Portuguese internet using
- Youngsters use internet mainly for educational purpose and entertainment .(games, communication, web surfing). E.g: students
- older and more qualified users use the internet for a cast and frequently simultaneous array of activities: work, news, communication, shopping and leisure. E.g: professionals.
Constant communication: more than 30% in Portugal has/ use internet.
- Equilibrium between work and leisure. E.g: check personal email and chat with friends whilst working.
- Computer and internet have become ubiquitous tools; they are used at home, work, when people commute between them, on vocation, when traveling. Internet has become a fundamental thing in live for most people.
By: Dr. Ake Nilsen
Topic: Technology and masculinity in the context of scuba diving.
Technology as : - tool
- human action
- how to utilize and organize the world
How is technology perceived and managed?
- the practical knowledge
- embodiment
- trust
- rational approach
Discussion:
- risk-activity- irrational choice.
- Rational approach to technology- the second skin- legitimates the activity.
- Contradictory masculinity: irrational or rational? As in general, masculinity replaces the technology through his own physical build.
By: Alan Law
Topic: undesirable, unemployables, and social malingerers containing a sober ‘ leisure society’.
Welfare state behave as regulate the workplace.
Leisure identities: travelers, and alcoholics( in Australia)
- problems of idleness shift between historical epthchs erecting particular identities as objects and subjects of governance.
- Alcoholic: desire to get drunk, is this a lifestyle choice? Continuity record in bureaucratic record, therefore regulated.
- Main thrust of technique is trying material dependency to identities valorized via the use of ‘laziness’- hence a re-distribution issue.
- Linkage of drunkenness and laziness as a character position varies according to main ‘ moral contagion’- main problem.
Conclusion:
- intoxication an important site to locate the dysfunctional and illiberal will.
- Managing the dysfunctional will is an important way to prevent’ leisure society’ breaks that threaten the productive order.
- The non-rational or irresponsible are unwilling to accept the structure of the ‘work first then leisure’, relation by making their whole lives a descent into a state of pleasure within which liberal exchange relations find no hold.
- Society regulated the’ fun’ we have?
By: Frances Lobo
Topic: The social transformation of Australian leisure and emerge of participation.
4 kinds of time:
- Necessary time: greater in female. E.g: needs of grooming. Sleeping- female more than male: 8:30 Vs 8:32
- Contracted time ( i.e: work): study, work, education. Male dominated.
- Committed time: having children, set up house, volunteer. Women more dominated.
- Leisure time: parallel
By Susan Shaw
Only 17% of traditional family left in Canada.
New idea about being a ‘good parent’.
Responsibilities: children’s safety, health (both physical and psychological), achievement.
- Involvement in children’s daily life
- Emotion connection
- Particular responsibility: outdoor sports.
Intense motherhood: all aspects of children’s development.
Key issue: Conformity
Implication on leisure:
- control over children’s time: increase in organized activities for children
- increase in ‘purposive’ family leisure. Moral skills, lifestyle, for the sake of child’s development.
Questions to be ask:
- A devaluation of leisure?
- A loss of leisure?
- A melding of work and leisure?
Debate on The congress in China next year:
The conference has agreed and confirmed by the committees, a FORMAL REQUEST LETTER should be issued address to the ISA- leisure Research Committee.
Prof. Modi will be in charge of the invitation and socializing of the event. Should be expecting a 50-60 people from Modi side.
Issues still need to be solved:
- The date of the conference: Modi suggests early October but Ken Roberts think May or June will be better for academics.
- How much cost in terms of staying? Hotels? University guest house? How much does the conference committee cover?
- Should take the registration idea of ISA Barcelona forum, which means categories the registration groups. Different fees.
- The length of the conference.
- Need to ensure quality papers. Joint papers are welcomed. Also possibility of publishing afterwards.
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